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Sunday 22 June 2014

How Batteries Work

Battery arrangement determines voltage and current. Check out serial battery arrangements, parallel arrangements and what maximum current is about.

Battery Arrangement and Power

In many devices that use batteries -- such as portable radios and flashlights -- you don't use just one cell at a time. You normally group them together in a serial arrangement to increase the voltage or in a parallel arrangement to increase current. The diagram shows these two arrangements.


The upper diagram shows a parallel arrangement. The four batteries in parallel will together produce the voltage of one cell, but the current they supply will be four times that of a single cell. Current is the rate at which electric charge passes through a circuit, and is measured in amperes. Batteries are rated in amp-hours, or, in the case of smaller household batteries, milliamp-hours (mAH). A typical household cell rated at 500 milliamp-hours should be able to supply 500 milliamps of current to the load for one hour. You can slice and dice the milliamp-hour rating in lots of different ways. A 500 milliamp-hour battery could also produce 5 milliamps for 100 hours, 10 milliamps for 50 hours, or, theoretically, 1,000 milliamps for 30 minutes. Generally speaking, batteries with higher amp-hour ratings have greater capacities.


The lower diagram depicts a serial arrangement. The four batteries in series will together produce the current of one cell, but the voltage they supply will be four times that of a single cell. Voltage is a measure of energy per unit charge and is measured in volts. In a battery, voltage determines how strongly electrons are pushed through a circuit, much like pressure determines how strongly water is pushed through a hose. Most AAA, AA, C and D batteries are around 1.5 volts.
Imagine the batteries shown in the diagram are rated at 1.5 volts and 500 milliamp-hours. The four batteries in parallel arrangement will produce 1.5 volts at 2,000 milliamp-hours. The four batteries arranged in a series will produce 6 volts at 500 milliamp-hours.
Battery technology has advanced dramatically since the days of the Voltaic pile. These developments are clearly reflected in our fast-paced, portable world, which is more dependent than ever on the portable power source that batteries provide. One can only imagine what the next generation of smaller, more powerful and longer-lasting batteries will bring.

Tuesday 10 June 2014

The Complete List of MS Excel Function Key (F1 to F12) Shortcuts


Function-Keys
MS Excel is huge in terms of its underlying features and functions. So are the keyboard shortcuts in it. The list can go on and on. What we will do is limit our scope and concentrate only on Function Keys today. We will try and learn the actions associated with F1 through F12, standalone and in combination with keys like Alt, Ctrl and Shift.
Must Read: If you wish to explore basic and general uses of function keys read out post on the best and default uses of function keys.

F1

Shortcut KeyAction
F1Opens the help menu.
Ctrl + F1Hide/Unhide the taskbar.
Alt + F1Create a chart from data in the selected range.
Alt + Shift + F1Create a new worksheet.
Ctrl + Shift + F1Hide/Unhide ribbon and taskbar.

F2

Shortcut KeyAction
F2Activates the selected cell for editing.
Ctrl + F2Open print options.
Alt + F2Open file save as modal window.
Shift + F2Insert/Edit comment on selected cell.
Alt + Shift + F2Save the current workbook.

F3

Shortcut KeyAction
F3Paste a defined name into a formula.
Ctrl + F3Open name manager dialog box.
Shift + F3Open function insert dialog box.
Ctrl + Shift + F3Create names by using row and column labels.

F4

Shortcut KeyAction
F4Repeat last action (if possible, example Paste)
Ctrl + F4Close the current workbook.
Alt + F4Gives option to save or discard current changes.
Shift + F4Select cell next-right to current. Selection toggles only until the cell that contains data, then goes to the next row.
Ctrl + Shift + F4Like Shift + F4. But movement is left and then to the above row.

F5

Shortcut KeyAction
F5Open Goto dialog box.
Ctrl + F5Restore selected workbook window.
Shift + F5Open Find/Replace dialog box.

F6

Shortcut KeyAction
F6Switch between the Help task pane and the application window. Switch to the next pane in a worksheet that has been split.
Ctrl + F6Switch to the next workbook window when more than one workbook window is open.
Shift + F6Switch to the previous pane in a worksheet that has been split.
Ctrl + Shift + F6Switch to the previous workbook window when more than one workbook window is open.

F7

Shortcut KeyAction
F7Perform spell check in the selected range.
Ctrl + F7Activate move window cursor provided window is not maximized.
Shift + F7Open thesaurus.

F8

Shortcut KeyAction
F8Turn extend selection mode on/off.
Ctrl + F8Activate resize window cursor provided window is not maximized.
Alt + F8Open Macro management dialog box.
Shift + F8Enable Add to Selection mode- select non-adjacent cells when enabled.

F9

Shortcut KeyAction
F9Refreshes workbook. Performs calculations on formulas.
Ctrl + F9Minimize workbook.
Shift + F9Calculate the active worksheet
Ctrl + Alt + F9Calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since the last calculation.
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + F9Recheck dependent formulas, and then calculates all cells in all open workbooks.

F10

Shortcut KeyAction
F10Select the menu bar and close an open menu and submenu at the same time.
Ctrl + F10Maximize or restore the selected workbook window.
Shift + F10Display the shortcut menu for the selected item.
Alt + Shift + F10Display the menu or message for a smart tag.

F11

Shortcut KeyAction
F11Create a chart of the data in the selected range.
Ctrl + F11Create new worksheet with name like Macro1, Macro2…
Alt + F11Switch between the visual basic editor and the active workbook.
Shift + F11Create a new worksheet.
Alt + Shift + F11Open MS script editor.

F12

Shortcut KeyAction
F12Open save as dialog box.
Ctrl + F12Open the open menu.
Shift + F12Save the current workbook.
Ctrl + Shift + F12Open the print menu.

How To Create Bootable Windows ISO From Files/Folders

How To Create Bootable Windows ISO From Files/Folders

A couple of weeks ago, I downloaded Windows 7 SP1 Ultimate 64-bit ISO on my Windows 8.1 PC from Microsoft (using my MSDN subscription) and installed Windows 7 in dual-boot with Windows 8.1 using my USB flash drive as bootable media. The installation was uneventful and Windows 7 has been running as it should.
Two days back, I decided to free up some disk space on my Windows 8.1 drive and manually deleted all contents in the Downloads folder and also uninstalled tens of programs that I had installed over the last three months. After gaining GBs of disk space, I realized that the previously downloaded Windows 7 SP1 ISO, which was present in the Downloads folder, has also been deleted along with other files.
Even though I could easily download Windows 7 SP1 ISO pack again in a couple of minutes, I decided to create an ISO file from the bootable Windows 7 USB drive that I had prepared to install Windows 7. Preparing abootable Windows ISO from installation files/folders is relatively easy and doesn’t take much time either. In short, if have Windows installation files and want to create an ISO image file out of it, you can do so in a few minutes.

Make bootable ISO from installation files:

NOTE: This method is applicable to Windows 7/8/8.1 and later versions.
In this guide, I will show you how you can create a bootable Windows 7/8/8.1 ISO image file from Windows installation files.
Step 1: If all the installation files are in a folder on your PC, you can skip to the next step. And if the files and folders on USB drive, connect the USB flash drive containing Windows installation files to a PC running Windows 7/8/8.1 and copy all the contents from the USB to a newly created folder on desktop or any other location.
Create bootable Window ISO from USB step2 
Step 2: Visit the above download page and download ImgBurn software. ImgBurn is a free burning software but the setup offers you install Skype and Mobogenie during the installation. Make sure to select appropriate options to install the software without Skype and Mobogenie.
Create bootable ISO from USB
Step 3: Launch ImgBurn. Click on Create image file from files/folders option.
Create bootable Window ISO from USB step3
Step 4: In the resulting ImgBurn dialog, click on the small folder icon (see picture) next to the Source box to browse to the folder containing all copied files from the bootable Windows USB. Browse to the folder and then click Select folder.
Create bootable Window ISO from USB step4
Step 5: Next, click on the browse icon located next to Destination box to select a location to save the bootable ISO image file that you’re preparing now. Select a location and click Save button.
Create bootable Window ISO from USB step4
Step 6: On the right-side, switch to the Advanced tab (see picture) to see four tabs. Here, click on the tab labelled Bootable Disc.
Step 7: Now, select the option labelled Make Image Bootable, select Emulation type as None (custom), and type 8 in the Sectors to load box by removing the existing 4. Note that if you’re preparing a bootable Vista ISO, you need to keep the 4. For Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, you need to type 8 in the Sectors to load field.
Create bootable Window ISO from USB step4
Step 8: Click on the small folder icon next to Boot Image box (see picture) and then browse to the folder containing Windows installation files (the folder that contains files copied from the USB), open Boot folder, select etfsboot.com file, and then click Open button to select etfsboot.com as the boot image file. We are almost done!
Create bootable Window ISO from USB step6
Step 9: Finally, click on the Build button (see picture) to begin creating your bootable Windows ISO image file. Upon clicking the Build button, three dialog boxes will appear one after another. Simply click Yes button when you see the first dialog, OK button when you see the second, and then, Yes button again when you see the last dialog.
Create bootable Window ISO from USB step5
ImageBurn4
Create bootable Window ISO from USB step9
Once the bootable ISO image is ready, you’ll see “Operation successfully completed” message.
Bootable Windows ISO from USB last step

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