Saturday, 6 December 2014
Tuesday, 4 November 2014
Avast Endpoint Protection Suite v8.0.1603 + License
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Monday, 8 September 2014
Wednesday, 3 September 2014
Sunday, 22 June 2014
How Batteries Work
Battery Arrangement and Power
In many devices that use batteries -- such as portable radios and flashlights -- you don't use just one cell at a time. You normally group them together in a serial arrangement to increase the voltage or in a parallel arrangement to increase current. The diagram shows these two arrangements.The upper diagram shows a parallel arrangement. The four batteries in parallel will together produce the voltage of one cell, but the current they supply will be four times that of a single cell. Current is the rate at which electric charge passes through a circuit, and is measured in amperes. Batteries are rated in amp-hours, or, in the case of smaller household batteries, milliamp-hours (mAH). A typical household cell rated at 500 milliamp-hours should be able to supply 500 milliamps of current to the load for one hour. You can slice and dice the milliamp-hour rating in lots of different ways. A 500 milliamp-hour battery could also produce 5 milliamps for 100 hours, 10 milliamps for 50 hours, or, theoretically, 1,000 milliamps for 30 minutes. Generally speaking, batteries with higher amp-hour ratings have greater capacities.
The lower diagram depicts a serial arrangement. The four batteries in series will together produce the current of one cell, but the voltage they supply will be four times that of a single cell. Voltage is a measure of energy per unit charge and is measured in volts. In a battery, voltage determines how strongly electrons are pushed through a circuit, much like pressure determines how strongly water is pushed through a hose. Most AAA, AA, C and D batteries are around 1.5 volts.
Imagine the batteries shown in the diagram are rated at 1.5 volts and 500 milliamp-hours. The four batteries in parallel arrangement will produce 1.5 volts at 2,000 milliamp-hours. The four batteries arranged in a series will produce 6 volts at 500 milliamp-hours.
Battery technology has advanced dramatically since the days of the Voltaic pile. These developments are clearly reflected in our fast-paced, portable world, which is more dependent than ever on the portable power source that batteries provide. One can only imagine what the next generation of smaller, more powerful and longer-lasting batteries will bring.
Tuesday, 10 June 2014
The Complete List of MS Excel Function Key (F1 to F12) Shortcuts
MS Excel is huge in terms of its underlying features and functions. So are the keyboard shortcuts in it. The list can go on and on. What we will do is limit our scope and concentrate only on Function Keys today. We will try and learn the actions associated with F1 through F12, standalone and in combination with keys like Alt, Ctrl and Shift.
Must Read: If you wish to explore basic and general uses of function keys read out post on the best and default uses of function keys.
F1
Shortcut Key | Action |
F1 | Opens the help menu. |
Ctrl + F1 | Hide/Unhide the taskbar. |
Alt + F1 | Create a chart from data in the selected range. |
Alt + Shift + F1 | Create a new worksheet. |
Ctrl + Shift + F1 | Hide/Unhide ribbon and taskbar. |
F2
Shortcut Key | Action |
F2 | Activates the selected cell for editing. |
Ctrl + F2 | Open print options. |
Alt + F2 | Open file save as modal window. |
Shift + F2 | Insert/Edit comment on selected cell. |
Alt + Shift + F2 | Save the current workbook. |
F3
Shortcut Key | Action |
F3 | Paste a defined name into a formula. |
Ctrl + F3 | Open name manager dialog box. |
Shift + F3 | Open function insert dialog box. |
Ctrl + Shift + F3 | Create names by using row and column labels. |
F4
Shortcut Key | Action |
F4 | Repeat last action (if possible, example Paste) |
Ctrl + F4 | Close the current workbook. |
Alt + F4 | Gives option to save or discard current changes. |
Shift + F4 | Select cell next-right to current. Selection toggles only until the cell that contains data, then goes to the next row. |
Ctrl + Shift + F4 | Like Shift + F4. But movement is left and then to the above row. |
F5
Shortcut Key | Action |
F5 | Open Goto dialog box. |
Ctrl + F5 | Restore selected workbook window. |
Shift + F5 | Open Find/Replace dialog box. |
F6
Shortcut Key | Action |
F6 | Switch between the Help task pane and the application window. Switch to the next pane in a worksheet that has been split. |
Ctrl + F6 | Switch to the next workbook window when more than one workbook window is open. |
Shift + F6 | Switch to the previous pane in a worksheet that has been split. |
Ctrl + Shift + F6 | Switch to the previous workbook window when more than one workbook window is open. |
F7
Shortcut Key | Action |
F7 | Perform spell check in the selected range. |
Ctrl + F7 | Activate move window cursor provided window is not maximized. |
Shift + F7 | Open thesaurus. |
F8
Shortcut Key | Action |
F8 | Turn extend selection mode on/off. |
Ctrl + F8 | Activate resize window cursor provided window is not maximized. |
Alt + F8 | Open Macro management dialog box. |
Shift + F8 | Enable Add to Selection mode- select non-adjacent cells when enabled. |
F9
Shortcut Key | Action |
F9 | Refreshes workbook. Performs calculations on formulas. |
Ctrl + F9 | Minimize workbook. |
Shift + F9 | Calculate the active worksheet |
Ctrl + Alt + F9 | Calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since the last calculation. |
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + F9 | Recheck dependent formulas, and then calculates all cells in all open workbooks. |
F10
Shortcut Key | Action |
F10 | Select the menu bar and close an open menu and submenu at the same time. |
Ctrl + F10 | Maximize or restore the selected workbook window. |
Shift + F10 | Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. |
Alt + Shift + F10 | Display the menu or message for a smart tag. |
F11
Shortcut Key | Action |
F11 | Create a chart of the data in the selected range. |
Ctrl + F11 | Create new worksheet with name like Macro1, Macro2… |
Alt + F11 | Switch between the visual basic editor and the active workbook. |
Shift + F11 | Create a new worksheet. |
Alt + Shift + F11 | Open MS script editor. |
F12
Shortcut Key | Action |
F12 | Open save as dialog box. |
Ctrl + F12 | Open the open menu. |
Shift + F12 | Save the current workbook. |
Ctrl + Shift + F12 | Open the print menu. |
How To Create Bootable Windows ISO From Files/Folders
How To Create Bootable Windows ISO From Files/Folders
A couple of weeks ago, I downloaded Windows 7 SP1 Ultimate 64-bit ISO on my Windows 8.1 PC from Microsoft (using my MSDN subscription) and installed Windows 7 in dual-boot with Windows 8.1 using my USB flash drive as bootable media. The installation was uneventful and Windows 7 has been running as it should.
Two days back, I decided to free up some disk space on my Windows 8.1 drive and manually deleted all contents in the Downloads folder and also uninstalled tens of programs that I had installed over the last three months. After gaining GBs of disk space, I realized that the previously downloaded Windows 7 SP1 ISO, which was present in the Downloads folder, has also been deleted along with other files.
Even though I could easily download Windows 7 SP1 ISO pack again in a couple of minutes, I decided to create an ISO file from the bootable Windows 7 USB drive that I had prepared to install Windows 7. Preparing abootable Windows ISO from installation files/folders is relatively easy and doesn’t take much time either. In short, if have Windows installation files and want to create an ISO image file out of it, you can do so in a few minutes.
Make bootable ISO from installation files:
NOTE: This method is applicable to Windows 7/8/8.1 and later versions.
In this guide, I will show you how you can create a bootable Windows 7/8/8.1 ISO image file from Windows installation files.
Step 1: If all the installation files are in a folder on your PC, you can skip to the next step. And if the files and folders on USB drive, connect the USB flash drive containing Windows installation files to a PC running Windows 7/8/8.1 and copy all the contents from the USB to a newly created folder on desktop or any other location.
Step 2: Visit the above download page and download ImgBurn software. ImgBurn is a free burning software but the setup offers you install Skype and Mobogenie during the installation. Make sure to select appropriate options to install the software without Skype and Mobogenie.
Step 3: Launch ImgBurn. Click on Create image file from files/folders option.
Step 4: In the resulting ImgBurn dialog, click on the small folder icon (see picture) next to the Source box to browse to the folder containing all copied files from the bootable Windows USB. Browse to the folder and then click Select folder.
Step 5: Next, click on the browse icon located next to Destination box to select a location to save the bootable ISO image file that you’re preparing now. Select a location and click Save button.
Step 6: On the right-side, switch to the Advanced tab (see picture) to see four tabs. Here, click on the tab labelled Bootable Disc.
Step 7: Now, select the option labelled Make Image Bootable, select Emulation type as None (custom), and type 8 in the Sectors to load box by removing the existing 4. Note that if you’re preparing a bootable Vista ISO, you need to keep the 4. For Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, you need to type 8 in the Sectors to load field.
Step 8: Click on the small folder icon next to Boot Image box (see picture) and then browse to the folder containing Windows installation files (the folder that contains files copied from the USB), open Boot folder, select etfsboot.com file, and then click Open button to select etfsboot.com as the boot image file. We are almost done!
Step 9: Finally, click on the Build button (see picture) to begin creating your bootable Windows ISO image file. Upon clicking the Build button, three dialog boxes will appear one after another. Simply click Yes button when you see the first dialog, OK button when you see the second, and then, Yes button again when you see the last dialog.
Once the bootable ISO image is ready, you’ll see “Operation successfully completed” message.
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